A worker bee, temporarily interrupted from foraging. |
One place to start is with their life history. I’ve kept
honey bees on and off for a few years and thought that bumble bees worked the
same way, albeit on a smaller scale. I was wrong. Bumble bees, like honey bees are
true eusocial insects, meaning they live in colonies that have castes of
workers with behavioral specialization, communal care of brood, overlapping
generations, and reproduction limited to a few specific individuals (often a
single queen and specially raised males). Bumble bees live this eusocial life
in a way very different from the European honey bees many of us bee keepers are
familiar with.
Bumble bee colonies over winter as queens, the large, mated
reproductively active females that are raised and mated the fall before. When
the weather turns cool these individuals search out an overwintering spot, in
leaf litter at the edge of the forest. These are well fed bees, having been
raised on the bountiful nectar and pollen from the late season golden rods and
asters. These queens emerge in the spring and are the stock from which the new
colonies form. The only bumble bees that survive the winter are the queens,
colonies do not over winter, workers do not over winter. Only single bees do,
prepared to start a brand new colony of their own the next year.
So those first really big bees you see flying in the spring
are the over wintered queens. They emerge and look for a spot in which to nest,
a spot that will house their modest
colonies for the summer. Old rodent burrows are especially good spots, as
apparently are the seat cushions of the old abandoned cars in the woods you see
frequently in Maine as early 20th century farmsteads are reclaimed
by forest. Once a queen finds a good nest cavity, she lays the first of her
eggs (remember she mated the fall before, so she has all the sperm she needs to
lay fertilized eggs), She incubates them herself by generating heat shivering,
and feeds the larva nectar and pollen when they hatch. One bee foraging to feed
several hungry babies though does not quite cut it, so the first round of bees
that are produced by the queen are quite small. These are the first worker bees
you will see in the spring, they look stunted, and quite literally they
are—nutritionally they got enough to survive but not really thrive. Once there
are more workers in the colony, the subsequent larvae get fed better, and the
resulting bees are bigger. This pattern continues throughout the summer, the
queen lays eggs, staying in the nest once there are enough worker bees to do
the foraging, the workers out in the field collecting the nectar and pollen
needed to sustain the hive. Workers live around 25 days, and a typical hive has
between 50-100 bees when up and running during the summer.
At the end of the summer, two different kinds of bees get
produced by the hive. The first are males—these come from unfertilized eggs.
They have one purpose only, that next year’s queens can get fertilized before
hibernating. The others are the new queens. The last batch of worker bee eggs
that are laid become the queens for next year. Theoretically the hive is at its
highest capacity at the end of the summer, the land is covered with golden rod
and asters and thus there is plenty of forage, and many workers able to feed
these up and coming queens. Once these very large nascent queens emerge, they
mate with the males which also unsurprisingly emerge at the same time. As fall
progresses on, the old queen, the founder of the colony, dies. Her daughters,
the worker bees, all die. Her sons, the males, all die. The only bumble bees
that don’t die are the new queens, well fed and stocked with sperm, ready to
over winter in the leaf litter until the process starts over again in the
spring.
It’s a pretty remarkable process, and something to consider
when you clean up your yard in the fall. Do the bumble bees a favor, leave
those leaves where they are until the spring, in doing so you create safe space
for the potential bumble bees of the future.
References:
On eusocial insects: https://www.amentsoc.org/insects/glossary/terms/eusocial
The Maine Bumble Bee Atlas project: https://ac41277bd54735c2b85336aff6fdfbfd153fcee3.googledrive.com/host/0B985dSJVRA1maGtVekhDUkJjYWM/
The Maine Bumble Bee Atlas project: https://ac41277bd54735c2b85336aff6fdfbfd153fcee3.googledrive.com/host/0B985dSJVRA1maGtVekhDUkJjYWM/